RUNNING HEAD : From Neo - behaviorism to Neuroscience From Neo - behaviorism to Neuroscience : Perspectives on the Origins and Future Contributions of Cognitive Load Research 1 Richard

Previous chapters have defined Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), described evidence for different origins and types of cognitive load, the way that load interacts with individual differences and the impact of load on learning from instruction. In this chapter we will step back a bit and describe some of the history of cognitive load theory in order to better understand both its current focus and future directions. We will then describe some of the current and planned research trends in biology and neuroscience that may provide insights about a few of the thorny measurement and design problems that confront cognitive load researchers. The discussion focuses attention on an older area of neuroscience, the use of pupilometry and eye movement technology to measure cognitive load and identify the source of load. The chapter concludes with a suggestion for collaborative studies based on neuroscience insights about the measurement of cognitive load and ways to distinguish between germane and extraneous load for individuals during learning and performance. Historical Perspectives on Cognitive Load Research and Theory European and American psychology may have developed in a way that prevented or delayed the development of cognitive load theory until George Miller’s classic paper on working memory capacity appeared a half century ago (Miller, 1956). At the beginning of the twentieth century and fifty years before Millers paper kick-started the field of cognitive science; Charles Hubbard Judd (1908) lost an important argument with Edward Thorndike (1903) about the role of mental effort in the transfer of learning. The loss helped to sidetrack psychology into emphasizing behaviorism over cognitive